Read the text. Find the number of the paragraph with the following information.

a. Regional geophysical mapping is not too costly.

b. The earthquakes occur earth weakness zones.

c. A team effort is the most successful approach to exploration

Find and correct the wrong word in the following sentences.

1) The methods of geophysics are used to give us a worse understanding of our physical environment.

2) Through the study of the chemical processes of earth movements we will learn more about the distribution of mineralized areas.

3) Regional geophysical surveys are often part of a final resource evaluation program.

4) In mineral exploration, hydrology is used as part of the overall program.

Match the verbs on the left with the nouns or phrases on the right to form word-combinations.

a. to be b. to provide c. to occur d. to make e. to be similar

1. along zones of... 2. applicable in sth. 3. a useful background 4. in smth. to smth. 5. geologic maps

Complete the sentences using the verbs in the box. Put the verbs into the correct form.

to detect to predict to interpret to give to learn

1) People easily ______ regional geophysical survey maps in the most exploration.

2) We usually ______ the very deep structure of the earth itself using the methods of geophysics.

3) This field of geology _______ us a better understanding of our environment.

4) In future our scientists ______ more about the regional location of mineralized areas.

5) It is not so difficult _______ places where ore deposits are being formed.

Lesson IV

HYDROGEOLOGY

Lead-in

What comes to your mind if you see or hear the word “water”? Complete the following spidergram with the words associated with water.

Read the following quotations and comment on them.

“ Water! One cannot say that you are necessary for life: you are life itself.”

(A. de St-Exupery)

“How inappropriate to call this planet Earth, when clearly it is Ocean.”

(Arthur C.Clarke)

Quiz.

Test yourself. The first letter is given. The words in bracket will help you.

1. When water falls in small frozen crystals, it's called s ____________.

2. When the snow begins to melt, it's called s ______________.

3. If the slush freezes again and becomes hard and solid, it's called i ________.

4. The combination of rain and snow is known as s _________.

5. Small round lumps that fall during a thunderstorm are called h ________.

6. The water forming on the leaves and flowers is d _______in warm weather.

7. The same in cold weather is f _________.

(snow, spring, ice, sleet, hail, dew, frost)

Vocabulary

1) hydrogeology	- гидрогеология
2) to deal with	- иметь дело с кем-л., обсуждать что-л.
3) distribution	- распределение
4) groundwater	- подземные воды
5) soil	- грунт, земля, почва
6) rock	- горная порода
7) aquifer	- водоносный горизонт; водоносный пласт
8) occurrence	- присутствие
9) porous media	- пористая среда
10) pertinent	- имеющий отношение
11) shallow	- мелкий, мелководный
12) flow	- поток
13) subsurface	- глубинный; подземный
14) soil science	- почвоведение
15) civil engineering	- гражданское строительство
16) viscous	- вязкий
17) Reynolds number	- число Рейнольда
18) unity	- единица
19) diffusion	- диффузия, рассеивание
20) Laplace equation	- уравнение Лапласа
21) diverse	- разнообразный, разный; разнотипный
22) steady flow	- равномерный поток
23) to stimulate	- моделировать
24)) transient flow	- неустановившийся поток
25) uncoupled processes	- несвязанные процессы
26) to mature	- созревать; дозревать
27) interaction	- взаимодействие
28) surface water	- поверхностные воды
29) soil moisture	- влажность почвогрунта

Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following terms.

[o] w a ter,c o mmon, c o mplex

[Λ] occ u rrence, st u dy, s u bject

[i:] d ea l, m e dia, ben ea th

[i] t y pically, dist i nction

Pay attention to the stress in the following words. Pronounce them.

hydroge´ology	ap´plying
´aquifers	termi´nology
inter´changeably	en´vironment
dis´tinction	´surface

Read the text and fulfil the exercises.

HYDROGEOLOGY

Hydrogeology (hydro- meaning “water” and -geology meaning “the study of the Earth”) is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust, (commonly in aquifers). Hydrogeology is the part of hydrology that deals with the occurrence, movement and quality of water beneath the Earth's surface.

Hydrogeology is a branch of the geosciences dealing with the flow of water through aquifers and other shallow porous media (typically less than 450 m or 1,500 ft below the land surface.) The very shallow flow of water in the subsurface (the upper 3 m or 10 ft) is pertinent to the fields of soil science, agriculture and civil engineering, as well as to hydrogeology. Groundwater is a slow-moving, viscous fluid (with a Reynolds number less than unity). The mathematical relationships used to describe the flow of water through porous media are the diffusion and Laplace equations, which have applications in many diverse fields. Steady groundwater flow (Laplace equation) has been simulated using electrical, elastic and heat conduction analogies. Transient groundwater flow is analogous to the diffusion of heat in a solid.

Traditionally, the movement of groundwater has been studied separately from surface water, climatology, and even the chemical and microbiological aspects of hydrogeology (the processes are uncoupled). As the field of hydrogeology mature s, the strong interaction s among groundwater, surface water, water chemistry, soil moisture and even climate are becoming clearer.

4. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

1) Hydrogeology is the area of geology that deals _________the distribution and movement _______ groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust.

2) The very shallow flow of water in the subsurface is pertinent _____ the fields of soil science, agriculture and civil engineering.

3) Transient groundwater flow is analogous ____ the diffusion of heat in a solid.

4) As the field of hydrogeology matures, the strong interactions _____ groundwater, surface water, water chemistry, soil moisture and even climate are becoming more clear.