A policy as the public phenomenon

Polysemy of the term of "politician"

It is obvious that the term of "politician" concerns appreciably challenged concepts,

Causing discussions and disputes to this day. As the special sphere of the human activity, which purpose - to focus social development in a direction favorable for the person by definition of overall aims and the co-ordinated means of their achievement, the policy has arisen more 2,5 millenia ago. However since then changed both the maintenance of the purposes, and ways of their achievement. Does not remain invariable and the maintenance

The term of "politician". In its interpretations every time on the foreground left, depending on the circumstances, those or other properties of the given public phenomenon.

Into a scientific turn the term of "politician" was entered by Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC). By its definition, the policy is a civilised form of a generality which served achievement of "general welfare" and «happy life». Aristotle considered as such form the antique policy (city-state).

If all citizens in the huge nations-states which have come in the stead to policies, the coordination of diverse interests of various groups was carried out by ruling elite directly participated in political management of small cities-states and leant against art of achievement and skilful use of the government. Not casually in 1515 the Italian public figure, the political thinker, scientific Nikkolo Makiavelli (1469-1527) defined a policy as «set of means which are necessary to come to power and it is useful to use it... So, the policy is the reference with the power, set by obligations and depending on power of the master or the people, and also from current situations».

In process of growth of a variety of interests and complication of forms of human activity the policy maintenance appeared more and more washed away as целеполагающее and ordering influence any more was not limited is state the organised activity, but got and into sphere of interaction of free individuals concerning realisation of their private interests. It has allowed an occasion to German sociologist Max Veberu (1864-1920) to notice that the policy «has extremely wide sense and covers all kinds of activity on an independent management. Speak about the currency policy of banks, about the discount policy of Imperial bank, about the politician of trade union during strike; it is possible to speak about the school policy of a city and rural community, about the politician of management supervising corporation, at last, even about the politician of the clever wife who aspires to operate the husband».

The modern understanding of a policy is multiple-valued. So, for example, in the third edition (1961) international dictionaries American лексикографа (1758-1843) politicians are defined by N.Uebster as follows:

1) the section of ethics connected more with the state and public organism as a whole, than with the separate person, a version (subsection) of the moral philosophy dealing with ethical relations and duties of the governments (imperious structures) or other social organisations; public and social ethics;

2) political actions, practice;

3) political relations or business competition between competing groups of interests, and also individuals for the power and leadership;

• actions with a view of expansion of control and with some other purposes extragovernmental (not ruling group);

• political life as the basic field of activity or a trade;

4) a political management (policy carrying out) in private affairs;

5) political principles, belief, opinions or sympathies of the separate person (female or other policy);

6) the general set of the co-operating and usually clashing human relations, living in a society; relations between leaders and нелидерами in any social organism (political community, church, club or trade union);

A political science.

The similar polysemy of the term of "politician" every time demands value specification in which it is used: in scientific or ordinary. In mass consciousness of the politician it is usually identified with management of any process. For example, when speech comes about "economic policy" or «to the politician into the spheres of education» it means that the problems which have collected in economy or formation, demand attention and control from the state. Such attention is expressed in formation of problems of development and definition of means with which tasks in view, proceeding from state possibilities can be solved. Other sense of the term of "politician" in ordinary consciousness is connected with the characteristic of the active human beginning: abilities meaningly to put the purposes and to define means of their achievement, and also abilities to commensurate an expense and results. In this case the policy is identified with concept "strategy".

Similar interpretations of a policy specify in the important parties of this difficult phenomenon; they, in particular, characterise functionality of a policy: целеполагание, achievement of the co-ordinated decisions by means of the power. However it is not necessary to consider the above-stated treatments of a policy settling. Political it is impossible to limit sphere only to the government as often not state structures have not less, and sometimes even there is more than power and influence; as examples of such state structures various lobbist groups, mass media serve. Besides, narrowly pragmatical, applied understanding of a policy leaves out of

Fields of vision its valuable, semantic beginnings. Possibly, for revealing of complete understanding of a policy it is necessary to consider process of its formation as important social institute.